-by Sumbul Ali-Karamali
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Hasn't the whole notion of shariah in America gotten a bit out of
control? No, it hasn't -- it's gotten hugely, obscenely, ignorantly out
of control. How many of those anti-Islam protesters holding "NO SHARIA
LAW" signs (as if anyone were advocating shariah law in the U.S.) actually know what the word means? I'd say, oh, none. Roughly.
Shariah (also spelled shari'ah or sharia or shari'a) is the Arabic
word for "the road to the watering place." In a religious context, it
means "the righteous path." Loosely, it can mean simply, "Islam."
There are six principles of shariah. They are derived from the
Qur'an, which Muslims believe is the word of God. All Islamic religious
rules must be in line with these six principles of shariah.
Aha! The six principles must be about killing infidels, veiling
women, stoning people for adultery, honor killings and female genital
cutting, right? Nope.
Here they are, the six principles of shariah:
1. The right to the protection of life.
2. The right to the protection of family.
3. The right to the protection of education.
4. The right to the protection of religion.
5. The right to the protection of property (access to resources).
6. The right to the protection of human dignity.
Well, bless me, as a pledge-of-allegiance-reciting, California-raised
Muslim girl, these six principles sound a lot like those espoused in my
very own Constitution of the United States. Except that these were
developed over a thousand years ago.
This is the core of shariah -- these six principles. The term
"shariah law" is a misnomer, because shariah is not law, but a set of
principles. To Muslims, it's the general term for "the way of God."
But how do we know what the way of God is? Early Muslims looked to
the Qur'an and the words of the Prophet Muhammad to figure this out.
They filled books of interpretive writings (called fiqh) about how to act in accordance with the way of God. They rarely agreed -- the fiqh is not just one rule, but many differing opinions and contradictory rules and scholarly debates.
Sometimes, shariah also refers to the whole body of Islamic texts,
which includes the Qur'an, the sayings of the Prophet, and the books of
interpretive literature written by medieval Muslim scholars. The first
two are considered divine. The interpretive literature, the fiqh, is not.
The fiqh was meant to develop and change according to the
time and place -- it has internal methodologies for that to happen. It
is not static, but flexible. No religion gets to be 1400 years old and
the second largest in the world unless it's flexible and adaptable.
The Qur'an is old. The fiqh books of jurisprudence are old. To modern
eyes, they can look just as outdated as other ancient texts, including
the Bible and Torah. That's why, just like the Bible and the Torah, the
Islamic texts must be read in their historical context.
Assuming all Muslims follow medieval Islamic rules today is like
assuming that all Catholics follow 9th century canon law. Islam, like
Christianity, has changed many times over the centuries, and it
continues to change. Focusing only on the nutcases who advocate a return
to medieval times is ignoring the vast majority of modern Muslims.
For example, stoning for adultery is a punishment that appears in fiqh,
as well as early Judaic law. But it does not appear in the Qur'an. In
Islam, therefore, stoning was a result of cultural norms imposed on the
religious texts. Moreover, in the fiqh, though the punishment
for adultery was stoning, adultery was made such a fantastically
difficult crime to prove that the punishment was impossible to apply.
Historically, stoning was very rarely implemented in the Islamic world,
which is ironic, since today the Saudi and Iranian governments apply it
as though they'd never heard of the strict Islamic constraints on it.
The vast majority of Muslims today do not believe in stoning people
for adultery, and many are working hard to eradicate it. Stoning is
horrific and has no place in our world. The miniscule percentage of
Muslims who advocate it are imposing the medieval penalty while ignoring
all the myriad limitations meant to make it inapplicable.
As for other scary stories attributed to shari'a, like honor
killings, veiling of women, and female genital cutting, these are
cultural practices and not Islamic. They are practiced by non-Muslims of
certain cultures as well as Muslims.
Shari'a is a set of religious principles and is not the law of the
land anywhere in the world. The 50-some Muslim-majority countries are
all
constitutional states and nearly all of them have civil codes (many
of these based on the French system). Being Muslim does not require a
governmental imposition of something called "shari'a law," any more than
being a Christian requires the implementation of "Biblical law" (though
there are, of course, a tiny minority of both Christians and Muslims
who do advocate such things, including
Sarah Palin).
As for Islam being a political system, there is nothing in the Qur'an
about an "Islamic state," and the Prophet himself never tried to
implement an "Islamic state," despite hysterical accusations to the
contrary. Those under his leadership practiced a variety of religions.
Traditionally, in the Islamic world, the institutions that governed
were always separate from the institutions that developed religion. In
fact, they often checked and balanced one another. Although no
civilization has been free from all conflict, every Islamic empire was a
multi-religious, multicultural empire, in which religious minorities
were governed by their own laws.
The term "Islam as a religion and a state" really only became popular
in the 1920s, as a reaction to Western colonization of the Muslim
world. In fact, Islam contains plenty of concepts consistent with modern
democracy -- for example, shura (consultation) and aqd (a contract
between the governed and the governing). In other words, Muslims can be
perfectly comfortable in America, following state and federal laws.
The Qur'an contains many verses advocating religious tolerance, too,
though the anti-Islam protesters won't believe it. The Qur'an says that:
God could have made everyone into one people, but elected not to
(11:118); God made us into different nations and tribes so that we can
learn from one another (49:13); there is no compulsion in religion
(2:256); and that we should say, "to you your religion, to me mine"
(109:6).
The only verses about fighting in the Qur'an refer specifically to
the polytheistic Arab tribes who were trying to kill the Prophet in the
7th century. So the Islamophobes who look in the Qur'an for the fighting
verses and assume that these verses refer to them personally are simply
being narcissistic. Contrary to counting Jews and Christians as
"infidels," the Qur'an repeatedly commands particular respect of Jews
and Christians. It is established in Islam that you don't need to be
Muslim to go to heaven.
Repeating a lie over and over again doesn't make it true; but it
certainly results in people believing the lie. That's what the
Islam-haters are counting on. That, and the ignorance about Islamic
tenets.
So the best thing to do is find out what Islam really is about. Talk
to a Muslim in person. Read an introduction to Islam (try a fun one like
mine). Read
Loonwatch to read about the holes in the anti-Islamic rhetoric. Or take a look at the
University of Georgia's informational website on Islam,
for some quick answers and further reading. If you read the anti-Islam
fear-mongering websites, all you'll learn will be tall tales.
Bigotry may be a human tendency, but America has never stood for
bigotry. I believe in an America that stands for pluralism and
multicultural understanding. The hysteria and hate toward Muslims -
resulting in several acts of violence against Muslims just this week,
such as a stabbing and arson - is un-American. We must stop it, and the
first step is understanding and education.
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Sumbul Ali-Karamali is an attorney with an additional degree in
Islamic law, as well as the author of "The Muslim Next Door: the Qur'an,
the Media, and that Veil Thing."